Most people, I think, don’t really appreciate Thanksgiving as much as they could, or should. For most – again, as I see it – it’s a day to gather with family, to eat a delicious meal together, and to be vaguely thankful for various things. Maybe I’m projecting, because that’s certainly what I used to think Thanksgiving was.
Boring, mostly. Wholesome, sure, but not a holiday with teeth like Halloween or Christmas.
As usual, I was wrong.
What changed Thanksgiving for me was learning about the first Thanksgiving. See, history is a remarkable tool. It gives context to things. It lends weight. By understanding the origins of things, how they came to be, you understand what they’re truly for, and how they can best be used and appreciated. In other words, history is the best tool I know of for giving our world meaning. Including things like Thanksgiving.
You must understand, the first Thanksgiving was not Pilgrims and Indians gathering together in peace in order to celebrate the harvest. That’s a story we tell children, and like many stories, the real world is much more complicated and much more interesting. The feast at Plymouth did happen – I’m reasonably sure – but it was not repeated and it did not become a yearly tradition. That is to say, it was merely a thanksgiving, not Thanksgiving as we know it. Was it the first? Undoubtedly not – harvest feasts and festivals are known in every culture around the world, including Native American. The only thing Plymouth Rock could possibly be first in was the first time Europeans celebrated a thanksgiving in North America. Except, wait, there was already an English colony in Virginia that had been having thanksgivings for years, and we have records of the Spanish and even the French from decades before Plymouth. So Plymouth really isn’t the first anything, except, possibly, the first thanksgiving by religious refugees in Massachusetts. Super boring.
No, after Plymouth, Thanksgiving died away, with sporadic revivals here and there, but it was always a one-time thing. Presidents would proclaim them for various reasons – the defeat of a rebellion here, an invasion repulsed there – and people would celebrate, and life would roll on. Thanksgiving did not enter our pantheon of holidays until 1863.
The height of the Civil War.
Woah. That means something.
The most important thing in any history is context. What was happening at the time of the events described? What was the world the people lived in like? What did they think, what did they believe? What did they love and cherish, what were their hopes? What did they fear? You can’t understand a man until you’ve walked a mile in his shoes, if I may borrow from Harper Lee, and you can’t understand history until you can open up your eyes in that time and look around the world some. So let me give you the context here.
On October 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation that officially established a regular Thanksgiving on the final Thursday of each November. Now, Lincoln was in his third year as President and he was not very well-liked. A rail-thin politician from Illinois, he had catapulted to the Presidency in 1860 despite an almost total lack of experience or much record of accomplishment beyond a gift for rhetoric. Imagine an even less-experienced Barack Obama and you’ve about got the picture. His Cabinet was largely staffed by political rivals eager to undercut the young President at any turn, France in Mexico and Britain in Canada were continuous problems, the Sioux out west were restless…oh, and half the country was awash in the fire and blood of rebellion.
I don’t think people today realize how monumental the Civil War was, but for me, for nearly 25 years now, it has been my lodestone – the one piece of American history I always come back to. My interests in other things wax and wane – Rome, Byzantium, China, World War 2, the Cold War – but I always return to the Civil War. It has a grip on my imagination like no other period.
Because it was the moment America could have failed.
We were right on the brink, friends. There were a thousand ways the war could have gone differently. A thousand different paths that all lead to an independent South and, ultimately, the shattering of the great Republic and the end of the American dream. Make no mistake – those were the stakes. The war may have started over secession, provoked by the great question of slavery, but defeat for the Union cause would not merely have meant probable decades more of bondage for the millions of African-Americans living south of the Mason-Dixon line, but also the failure of the first truly great experiment in self-government in history.
Lincoln knew the score. He said:
It is not merely for to-day, but for all time to come that we should perpetuate for our children’s children this great and free government, which we have enjoyed all our lives. I beg you to remember this, not merely for my sake, but for yours. I happen temporarily to occupy this big White House. I am a living witness that any one of your children may look to come here as my father’s child has. It is in order that each of you may have through this free government which we have enjoyed, an open field and a fair chance for your industry, enterprise and intelligence; that you may all have equal privileges in the race of life, with all its desirable human aspirations. It is for this the struggle should be maintained, that we may not lose our birthright–not only for one, but for two or three years. The nation is worth fighting for, to secure such an inestimable jewel.
Speech to the One Hundred Sixty-sixth Ohio Regiment
Washington, D.C.
August 22, 1864
The idea that we all have value. That no man is born better than another. That any one of us worthy to rise and go as far as our abilities can carry us – in 1863, there was no place outside the United States where that was true. It truly is “an inestimable jewel.” And so the Union was worth fighting for.
The Civil War is an American Iliad, four bloody years of struggle and turmoil. By the end of it entire states were laid to waste – smoky pillars rising towards the sky all across the formerly fertile and prosperous fields of the South. Hundreds of thousands of Americans lay dead, in battlefield cemeteries and outside pestilential war-camps spanning half a continent. There were deeds done of great heroism, on both sides – and villainy. You have colorful characters – instead of Hector and Achilles, Ajax and Nestor, Priam and Odysseus, you have men like Lee and Grant, Nathan Bedford Forest and Stonewall Jackson, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, every man doing his utmost to fulfill his duty as he saw it. You have tragedies of brothers literally killing each other on the same battlefield, best friends falling side by side – and the occasional comedy like two one-legged veterans meeting after the war, discovering they had the same shoe size, and vowing to buy the same pair and split ’em up forever after. It was at once America’s darkest hour and perhaps our most heroic.
That is the context that Lincoln proclaimed a day of Thanksgiving. 1863 had been the most tumultuous year yet. It had opened in January with bloody battles in Tennessee and with the Emancipation Proclamation (which promptly stiffened Confederate resistance even further). As winter turned to spring, the great Army of the Potomac had launched itself once more against Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, with twice the numbers of its Southern foe – and once again it had been driven back, reeling and bloodied, this time in less than four days of fighting. And out west, Grant was stuck in the mud opposite Vicksburg, a Confederate fortress city that had defied all efforts to capture it for six months. As summer turned, the Confederates had flooded north into Maryland and Pennsylvania, the invasion climaxing in the titanic Battle of Gettysburg – the largest and bloodiest battle ever fought in the Western Hemisphere – while Grant had boldly outflanked and outfought 3 separate Confederate armies around Vicksburg and at last forced the surrender.
But you mustn’t be deceived. The war was not over, and Lincoln did not issue his proclamation in the aftermath of victory. Dixie had rallied. Lee was not destroyed and was as strong as ever behind Virginia’s swift-running rivers. Grant bogged down again Mississippi. And two weeks before the proclamation, in Tennessee, an entire Federal army had been bloodied and beaten at Chickamauga and even as Lincoln penned the words, stood on the brink of total destruction, surrounded and starving in the city of Chattanooga.
That is the context of the first Thanksgiving. Torn by war, hampered by bloodshed, surrounded by hostile foreign powers, Lincoln proclaimed a day of thanksgiving and praise for the blessings of the Mot High. Because no matter how dark the hour, no matter how many troubles you may face, there is still much to be grateful for.
Thanksgiving is a holiday with teeth, my friends.
Below I have placed the whole text of the original proclamation. If you’ve never read it before, I highly recommend you give it a look.
But above all else, remember this this Thanksgiving: life isn’t always going to be perfect. In fact, it never will be. We’ll always have stress from our jobs. Stress with our family. My relationships aren’t going the way I thought they’d be, and this isn’t where I thought I’d be at thirty. The nation’s politics seem more divisive than ever, and every day the news shows us more reasons to be afraid, more reasons to be upset, more reasons to be dissatisfied with the state of the world. But none of those things are a reason not to be grateful.
In fact, it’s in times like those that we need to be grateful most of all.
“Do not doubt: in this world you will face trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world!”
John 16:33
I’m thankful for many things, but this year, I’m especially thankful for Thanksgiving.
Washington, D.C.
October 3, 1863By the President of the United States of America.
A Proclamation.
The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature, that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful providence of Almighty God.

In the midst of a civil war of unequalled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.
Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defence, have not arrested the plough, the shuttle or the ship; the axe has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege and the battle-field; and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years with large increase of freedom.
No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy. It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American People.

I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquillity and Union.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this Third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States the Eighty-eighth.
By the President: Abraham Lincoln
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State







